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Economic Development in Saudi Arabia
The changing political situation in the Middle East poses challenges for the economies of the region, and some see none more vulnerable to collapse than Saudi Arabia's. Yet as this study demonstrates, the fundamentals of the Kingdom's economy are relatively robust, as over three quarters of GDP is accounted for by the non-oil sector, and impressive modern industries have been established, notably in petrochemicals. The financial system functions well, and despite substantial government debts, there is low inflation and currency stability. The private sector increasingly drives the economy, although job creation has been insufficient to prevent rising youth unemployment. The development challenges Saudi Arabia faces are similar to those of other middle-income countries, and three decades of diversification have made the economy less unique than it was in the oil boom years of the 1970s.
eBook
Making the Desert Modern
In 1933 American oilmen representing what later became the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco) signed a concession agreement with the Saudi Arabian king granting the company sole proprietorship over the oil reserves in the country's largest province. As drilling commenced and wells proliferated, Aramco soon became a major presence in the region. In this book Chad H. Parker tells Aramco's story, showing how an American company seeking resources and profits not only contributed to Saudi \"nation building\" but helped define U.S. foreign policy during the early Cold War.
In the years following World War II, as Aramco expanded its role in Saudi Arabia, the idea of \"modernization\" emerged as a central component of American foreign policy toward newly independent states. Although the company engaged in practices supportive of U.S. goals, its own modernizing efforts tended to be pragmatic rather than policy-driven, more consistent with furthering its business interests than with validating abstract theories. Aramco built the infrastructure necessary to extract oil and also carved an American suburb out of the Arabian desert, with all the air-conditioned comforts of Western modern life. At the same time, executives cultivated powerful relationships with Saudi government officials and, to the annoyance of U.S. officials, even served the monarchy in diplomatic disputes. Before long the company became the principal American diplomatic, political, and cultural agent in the country, a role it would continue to play until 1973, when the Saudi government took over its operation.
eBook
التنمية الاقتصادية في المملكة العربية السعودية
عندما اكتشف البترول في المملكة العربية السعودية عام 1938م، لم يكن قد مضى على توحيد البلاد وجمع أجزائها في كيان سياسي واحد إلا سنوات قليلة. تغطي الصحراء معظم أراضيها وتقلّ فيها الأمطار. تنعدم بين أجزائها المتباعدة المواصلات وتفتقر إلى المدارس والمستشفيات. أوضاعها الاقتصادية والسياسية والاجتماعية تجعلها في أمسّ الحاجة إلى التنمية. عندما جاء البترول بإنتاج متواضع بعد الحرب الكونية الثانية، ثم بدأ يرتفع شيئا فشيئاً ويرتفع معه الدخل الحكومي، بدأت مسيرة التنمية الاقتصادية وأخذت منهجاً تخطيطياً مع بداية الخطّة الخمسية الأولى عام 1970م. تابع المؤلف مسيرة التنمية الاقتصادية في المملكة العربية السعودية منذ بدايتها كمتخصّص في علم الاقتصاد ومسؤول في وزارة المالية. وبعد استقالته من العمل الحكومي عام 1979م، أنشأ مركزاً للبحوث والدراسات الاقتصادية ونشر العديد من الدراسات والمقالات في الصحف والدوريات المحلّية والعربية والأجنبية. جمع المؤلف في هذا الكتاب رؤيته للمشهد الاقتصادي في المملكة العربية السعودية، وسجلاً للتاريخ الاقتصادي للمملكة، راصداً جذور القضايا الاقتصادية التي تواجهها اليوم ومسهماً في البحث عن رؤية جديدة وحلول لهذه القضايا.
eBook
Leap Motion Development Essentials
## In Detail Leap Motion is a company developing advanced motion sensing technology for humancomputer interaction. Originally inspired by the level of difficulty of using a mouse and keyboard for 3D modeling, Leap Motion believe that moulding virtual clay should be as easy as moulding clay in your hands. Leap Motion now focus on bringing this motion sensing technology closer to the real world. Leap Motion Development Essentials explains the concepts and practical applications of gesture input for developers who want to take full advantage of Leap Motion technology. This guide explores the capabilities available to developers and gives you a clear overview of topics related to gesture input along with usable code samples. Leap Motion Development Essentials shows you everything you need to know about the Leap Motion SDK, from creating a working program with gesture input to more sophisticated applications covering a range of relevant topics. Sample code is provided and explained along with details of the most important and central API concepts. This book teaches you the essential information you need to design a gesture- enabled interface for your application, from specific gesture detection to best practices for this new input. You will be given guidance on practical considerations along with copious runnable demonstrations of API usage which are explained in step-by-step, reusable recipes. ## Approach This book is a fast-paced guide with practical examples that aims to help you understand and master the Leap Motion SDK. ## Who this book is for This book is for developers who are either involved in game development or who are looking to utilize Leap Motion technology in order to create brand new user interaction experiences to distinguish their products from the mass market. You should be comfortable with high-level languages and object- oriented development concepts in order to get the most out of this book.
eBook
A Modernization Paradox
\"This tension between modernity and tradition in Saudi Arabia is perhaps most palpable with regard to these laws toward women, but it is a paradox that has also manifested itself in virtually every branch of Saudi society. As Saudi Arabia develops, it has witnessed an ever-increasing number of contradictions between its modern economic institutions and rigid political and social systems...The reality today is that Saudi Arabia is being pulled in two different directions. What is significant about this struggle, however, is the degree to which modernization has failed to permeate Saudi society beyond the economic sphere.\" (Harvard International Review) The author examines how despite the \"conventional wisdom among Western governments and institutions...that economic prosperity will inevitably set developing nations on a road away from backwards political systems and toward pluralism, democracy, and liberalism...political modernization in Saudi Arabia has not kept pace with economic liberalization.\"
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